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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
 <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
-    <updated>2024-12-01T12:52:29+02:00</updated>
+    <updated>2024-12-02T23:46:16+02:00</updated>
     <title>foo.zone feed</title>
     <subtitle>To be in the .zone!</subtitle>
     <link href="gemini://foo.zone/gemfeed/atom.xml" rel="self" />
     <link href="gemini://foo.zone/" />
     <id>gemini://foo.zone/</id>
     <entry>
+        <title>f3s: Kubernetes with FreeBSD - Part 2: Hardware and base installation</title>
+        <link href="gemini://foo.zone/gemfeed/2024-12-03-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2.gmi" />
+        <id>gemini://foo.zone/gemfeed/2024-12-03-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2.gmi</id>
+        <updated>2024-12-02T23:46:16+02:00</updated>
+        <author>
+            <name>Paul Buetow aka snonux</name>
+            <email>paul@dev.buetow.org</email>
+        </author>
+        <summary>This is the second blog post about my f3s series for my self-hosting demands in my home lab. f3s? The 'f' stands for FreeBSD, and the '3s' stands for k3s, the Kubernetes distribution I will use on FreeBSD-based physical machines.</summary>
+        <content type="xhtml">
+            <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+                <h1 style='display: inline' id='f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd---part-2-hardware-and-base-installation'>f3s: Kubernetes with FreeBSD - Part 2: Hardware and base installation</h1><br />
+<br />
+<span>This is the second blog post about my f3s series for my self-hosting demands in my home lab. f3s? The "f" stands for FreeBSD, and the "3s" stands for k3s, the Kubernetes distribution I will use on FreeBSD-based physical machines.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span>We set the stage last time; this time, we will set up the hardware for this project. </span><br />
+<br />
+<span>These are all the posts so far:</span><br />
+<br />
+<a class='textlink' href='./2024-11-17-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-1.html'>2024-11-17 f3s: Kubernetes with FreeBSD - Part 1: Setting the stage</a><br />
+<a class='textlink' href='./2024-12-03-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2.html'>2024-12-03 f3s: Kubernetes with FreeBSD - Part 2: Hardware and base installation (You are currently reading this)</a><br />
+<br />
+<a href='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-1/f3slogo.png'><img alt='f3s logo' title='f3s logo' src='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-1/f3slogo.png' /></a><br />
+<br />
+<span class='quote'>Logo was generated by ChatGPT.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span>Let&#39;s continue...</span><br />
+<br />
+<h2 style='display: inline' id='table-of-contents'>Table of Contents</h2><br />
+<br />
+<ul>
+<li><a href='#f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd---part-2-hardware-and-base-installation'>f3s: Kubernetes with FreeBSD - Part 2: Hardware and base installation</a></li>
+<li>⇢ <a href='#deciding-on-the-hardware'>Deciding on the hardware</a></li>
+<li>⇢ ⇢ <a href='#not-arm-but-intel-n100-'>Not ARM but Intel N100 </a></li>
+<li>⇢ ⇢ <a href='#beelink-unboxing'>Beelink unboxing</a></li>
+<li>⇢ ⇢ <a href='#network-switch'>Network switch</a></li>
+<li>⇢ <a href='#installing-freebsd'>Installing FreeBSD</a></li>
+<li>⇢ ⇢ <a href='#base-install'>Base install</a></li>
+<li>⇢ ⇢ <a href='#latest-patch-level-and-customizing-etchosts'>Latest patch level and customizing <span class='inlinecode'>/etc/hosts</span></a></li>
+<li>⇢ ⇢ <a href='#additional-packages-after-install'>Additional packages after install</a></li>
+<li>⇢ <a href='#hardware-check'>Hardware check</a></li>
+<li>⇢ ⇢ <a href='#ethernet'>Ethernet</a></li>
+<li>⇢ ⇢ <a href='#ram'>RAM</a></li>
+<li>⇢ ⇢ <a href='#cpus'>CPUs</a></li>
+<li>⇢ ⇢ <a href='#cpu-throttling'>CPU throttling</a></li>
+<li>⇢ <a href='#conclusion'>Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul><br />
+<h2 style='display: inline' id='deciding-on-the-hardware'>Deciding on the hardware</h2><br />
+<br />
+<span>Note that the OpenBSD VMs included in the F3S setup (which will be used later in this blog series for internet ingress) are already there. These are virtual machines that I rent at OpenBSD Amsterdam and Hetzner.</span><br />
+<br />
+<a class='textlink' href='https://openbsd.amsterdam'>https://openbsd.amsterdam</a><br />
+<a class='textlink' href='https://hetzner.cloud'>https://hetzner.cloud</a><br />
+<br />
+<span>This means that the FreeBSD boxes need to be covered, which will later be running k3s in Linux VMs via bhyve hypervisor.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span>I&#39;ve been considering whether to use Raspberry Pis or look for alternatives. It turns out that complete N100-based mini-computers aren&#39;t much more expensive than Raspberry Pi 5s, and they don&#39;t require assembly. Furthermore, I like that they are AMD64 and not ARM-based, which increases compatibility with some applications (e.g., I might want to virtualize Windows (via bhyve) on one of those, though that&#39;s out of scope for this blog series).</span><br />
+<br />
+<h3 style='display: inline' id='not-arm-but-intel-n100-'>Not ARM but Intel N100 </h3><br />
+<br />
+<span>I needed something compact, efficient, and capable enough to handle the demands of a small-scale Kubernetes cluster and preferably something I don&#39;t have to assemble a lot. After researching, I decided on the Beelink S12 Pro with Intel N100 CPUs.</span><br />
+<br />
+<a class='textlink' href='https://www.bee-link.com/products/beelink-mini-s12-pro-n100'>Beelink Min S12 Pro N100 official page</a><br />
+<br />
+<span>The Intel N100 CPUs are built on the "Alder Lake-N" architecture. These chips are designed to balance performance and energy efficiency well. With four cores, they&#39;re more than capable of running multiple containers, even with moderate workloads. Plus, they consume only 6W of power, keeping the electricity bill low and the setup quiet - perfect for 24/7 operation.</span><br />
+<br />
+<a href='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2/f3s-collage1.jpg'><img alt='Beelink preparation' title='Beelink preparation' src='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2/f3s-collage1.jpg' /></a><br />
+<br />
+<span>The Beelink comes with the following specs:</span><br />
+<br />
+<ul>
+<li>12th Gen Intel N100 processor, with four cores and four threads, and a maximum frequency of up to 3.4 GHz.</li>
+<li>16 GB of DDR4 RAM, with a maximum (official) size of 16 GB (but people could install 32 GB on it).</li>
+<li>500 GB M.2 SSD, with the option to install a 2nd 2.5 SSD drive (which I want to use later in this blog series).</li>
+<li>GBit ethernet</li>
+<li>Four USB 3.2 Gen2 ports (maybe I want to mount something externally at some point)</li>
+<li>Dimensions and weight:  115*102*39mm, 280g</li>
+<li>Silent cooling system.</li>
+<li>HDMI output (needed only for the initial installation)</li>
+<li>Auto power on via WoL (may make use of it)</li>
+<li>Wi-Fi (not going to use it)</li>
+</ul><br />
+<span>I bought three (3) of them for the cluster I intend to build.</span><br />
+<br />
+<h3 style='display: inline' id='beelink-unboxing'>Beelink unboxing</h3><br />
+<br />
+<span>Unboxing was uneventful. Every Beelink PC came with: </span><br />
+<br />
+<ul>
+<li>An AC power adapter</li>
+<li>An HDMI cable</li>
+<li>A VESA mount with screws (not using it as of now)</li>
+<li>Some manuals</li>
+<li>The pre-assembled Beelink PC itself.</li>
+<li>A "Hello" post card (??)</li>
+</ul><br />
+<span>Overall, I love the small form factor.</span><br />
+<br />
+<h3 style='display: inline' id='network-switch'>Network switch</h3><br />
+<br />
+<span>I went with the TP-Link mini 5-port switch, as I had a spare one available. That switch will be plugged into my wall Ethernet port, which connects directly to my fiber internet router with 100 Mbit/s down and 50 Mbit/s upload speed.</span><br />
+<br />
+<a href='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2/switch.jpg'><img alt='Switch' title='Switch' src='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2/switch.jpg' /></a><br />
+<br />
+<h2 style='display: inline' id='installing-freebsd'>Installing FreeBSD</h2><br />
+<br />
+<h3 style='display: inline' id='base-install'>Base install</h3><br />
+<br />
+<span>First, I downloaded the boot-only ISO of the latest FreeBSD release and dumped it on a USB stick on my Fedora laptop:</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#F3E651">[</font><font color="#ff0000">paul@earth</font><font color="#F3E651">]~</font><font color="#ff0000">/Downloads</font><font color="#F3E651">%</font><font color="#ff0000"> sudo dd </font><font color="#F3E651">\</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">  </font><b><font color="#ffffff">if</font></b><font color="#F3E651">=</font><font color="#ff0000">FreeBSD-</font><font color="#bb00ff">14.1</font><font color="#ff0000">-RELEASE-amd</font><font color="#bb00ff">64</font><font color="#ff0000">-bootonly</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">iso </font><font color="#F3E651">\</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">  </font><font color="#ff0000">of</font><font color="#F3E651">=</font><font color="#ff0000">/dev/sda </font><font color="#ff0000">conv</font><font color="#F3E651">=</font><font color="#ff0000">sync</font>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<span>Next, I plugged the Beelinks (one after another) into my monitor via HDMI (the resolution of the FreeBSD text console seems strangely stretched, as I am using the LG Dual Up monitor), connected Ethernet, an external USB keyboard, and the FreeBSD USB stick, and booted the devices up. With F7, I entered the boot menu and selected the USB stick for the FreeBSD installation.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span>The installation was uneventful. I selected:</span><br />
+<br />
+<ul>
+<li>Guided ZFS on root (pool <span class='inlinecode'>zroot</span>)</li>
+<li>Unencrypted ZFS (I will encrypt separate datasets later; I want it to be able to boot without human interaction)</li>
+<li>Static IP configuration (to ensure that the boxes always have the same IPs, even after switching the router/DHCP server)</li>
+<li>I decided to enable the SSH daemon, NTP server, and NTP time synchronization at boot, and I also enabled powerd for automatic CPU frequency scaling.</li>
+<li>In addition to <span class='inlinecode'>root,</span> I added a personal user, <span class='inlinecode'>paul,</span> whom I placed in the <span class='inlinecode'>wheel</span> group.</li>
+</ul><br />
+<span>After doing all that three times (once for each Beelink PC), I had three ready-to-use FreeBSD boxes! Their hostnames are <span class='inlinecode'>f0</span>, <span class='inlinecode'>f1</span> and <span class='inlinecode'>f2</span>!</span><br />
+<br />
+<a href='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2/f3s-collage2.jpg'><img alt='Beelink installation' title='Beelink installation' src='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2/f3s-collage2.jpg' /></a><br />
+<br />
+<h3 style='display: inline' id='latest-patch-level-and-customizing-etchosts'>Latest patch level and customizing <span class='inlinecode'>/etc/hosts</span></h3><br />
+<br />
+<span>After the first boot, I upgraded to the latest FreeBSD patch level as follows:</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># freebsd-update fetch</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># freebsd-update install</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># freebsd-update reboot</font></i>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<span>I also added the following entries for the three FreeBSD boxes to the <span class='inlinecode'>/etc/hosts</span> file:</span><br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># cat &lt;&lt;END &gt;&gt;/etc/hosts</font></i>
+<font color="#bb00ff">192.168</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">1.130</font><font color="#ff0000"> f0 f0</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">lan f0</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">lan</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">buetow</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">org</font>
+<font color="#bb00ff">192.168</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">1.131</font><font color="#ff0000"> f1 f1</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">lan f1</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">lan</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">buetow</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">org</font>
+<font color="#bb00ff">192.168</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">1.132</font><font color="#ff0000"> f2 f2</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">lan f2</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">lan</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">buetow</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">org</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">END</font>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<h3 style='display: inline' id='additional-packages-after-install'>Additional packages after install</h3><br />
+<br />
+<span>After that, I installed the following additional packages:</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># pkg install helix doas zfs-periodic uptimed</font></i>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<span>Helix? It&#39;s my favourite text editor. I have nothing against <span class='inlinecode'>vi</span> but like <span class='inlinecode'>hx</span> (Helix) more!</span><br />
+<br />
+<span><span class='inlinecode'>doas</span>? It&#39;s a pretty neat (and KISS) replacement for <span class='inlinecode'>sudo</span>. It has far fewer features than <span class='inlinecode'>sudo</span>, which is supposed to make it more secure. Its origin is the OpenBSD project. For <span class='inlinecode'>doas</span>, I accepted the default configuration (where users in the <span class='inlinecode'>wheel</span> group are allowed to run commands as <span class='inlinecode'>root</span>):</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># cp /usr/local/etc/doas.conf.sample /usr/local/etc/doas.conf</font></i>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<span><span class='inlinecode'>zfs-periodic</span> is a nifty tool for automatically creating ZFS snapshots. I decided to go with the following configuration here:</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># sysrc daily_zfs_snapshot_enable=YES</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">daily_zfs_snapshot_enable</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">  -</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000"> YES</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># sysrc daily_zfs_snapshot_pools=zroot</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">daily_zfs_snapshot_pools</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">  -</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000"> zroot</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># sysrc daily_zfs_snapshot_keep=7</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">daily_zfs_snapshot_keep</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">  -</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">7</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># sysrc weekly_zfs_snapshot_enable=YES</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">weekly_zfs_snapshot_enable</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">  -</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000"> YES</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># sysrc weekly_zfs_snapshot_pools=zroot</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">weekly_zfs_snapshot_pools</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">  -</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000"> zroot</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># sysrc weekly_zfs_snapshot_keep=5</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">weekly_zfs_snapshot_keep</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">  -</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">5</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># sysrc monthly_zfs_snapshot_enable=YES</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">monthly_zfs_snapshot_enable</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">  -</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000"> YES</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># sysrc monthly_zfs_snapshot_pools=zroot</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">monthly_zfs_snapshot_pools</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">  -</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000"> zroot</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># sysrc weekly_zfs_snapshot_keep=2</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">weekly_zfs_snapshot_keep</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">5</font><font color="#ff0000"> -</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">2</font>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<span><span class='inlinecode'>uptimed</span>? I like to track my uptimes. This is how I configured the daemon:</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># cp /usr/local/mimecast/etc/uptimed.conf-dist \</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">  /usr/local/mimecast/etc/uptimed</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">conf </font>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># hx /usr/local/mimecast/etc/uptimed.conf</font></i>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<span>In the Helix editor session, I changed <span class='inlinecode'>LOG_MAXIMUM_ENTRIES</span> to <span class='inlinecode'>0</span> to keep all uptime entries forever and not cut off at 50 (the default config). After that, I enabled and started <span class='inlinecode'>uptimed</span>:</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># service uptimed enable</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># service uptimed start</font></i>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<span>To check the current uptime stats, I can now run <span class='inlinecode'>uprecords</span>:</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000"> root@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><i><font color="#ababab"># uprecords</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">     </font><i><font color="#ababab">#               Uptime | System                                     Boot up</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">----------------------------</font><font color="#F3E651">+</font><font color="#ff0000">---------------------------------------------------</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">-</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000">   </font><font color="#bb00ff">1</font><font color="#ff0000">     </font><font color="#bb00ff">0</font><font color="#ff0000"> days</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">00</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">07</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">34</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">|</font><font color="#ff0000"> FreeBSD </font><font color="#bb00ff">14.1</font><font color="#ff0000">-RELEASE      Mon Dec  </font><font color="#bb00ff">2</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">12</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">21</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">44</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">2024</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">----------------------------</font><font color="#F3E651">+</font><font color="#ff0000">---------------------------------------------------</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">NewRec     </font><font color="#bb00ff">0</font><font color="#ff0000"> days</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">00</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">07</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">33</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">|</font><font color="#ff0000"> since                     Mon Dec  </font><font color="#bb00ff">2</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">12</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">21</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">44</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">2024</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">    up     </font><font color="#bb00ff">0</font><font color="#ff0000"> days</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">00</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">07</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">34</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">|</font><font color="#ff0000"> since                     Mon Dec  </font><font color="#bb00ff">2</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">12</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">21</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">44</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">2024</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">  down     </font><font color="#bb00ff">0</font><font color="#ff0000"> days</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">00</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">00</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">00</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">|</font><font color="#ff0000"> since                     Mon Dec  </font><font color="#bb00ff">2</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">12</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">21</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">44</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">2024</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">   </font><font color="#F3E651">%</font><font color="#ff0000">up              </font><font color="#bb00ff">100.000</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">|</font><font color="#ff0000"> since                     Mon Dec  </font><font color="#bb00ff">2</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">12</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">21</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">44</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">2024</font>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<h2 style='display: inline' id='hardware-check'>Hardware check</h2><br />
+<br />
+<h3 style='display: inline' id='ethernet'>Ethernet</h3><br />
+<br />
+<span>Works. Nothing eventful, really. It&#39;s a cheap Realtek chip, but it will do what it is supposed to do.</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">paul@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">%</font><font color="#ff0000"> ifconfig re0</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">re0</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#ff0000">flags</font><font color="#F3E651">=</font><font color="#bb00ff">1008843</font><font color="#F3E651">&lt;</font><font color="#ff0000">UP</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">BROADCAST</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">RUNNING</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">SIMPLEX</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">MULTICAST</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">LOWER_UP</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font><font color="#ff0000"> metric </font><font color="#bb00ff">0</font><font color="#ff0000"> mtu </font><font color="#bb00ff">1500</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">        </font><font color="#ff0000">options</font><font color="#F3E651">=</font><font color="#ff0000">8209b</font><font color="#F3E651">&lt;</font><font color="#ff0000">RXCSUM</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">TXCSUM</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">VLAN_MTU</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">VLAN_HWTAGGING</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">VLAN_HWCSUM</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">WOL_MAGIC</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">LINKSTATE</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">        ether e8</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">ff</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">1e</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">d7</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">1c</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">ac</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">        inet </font><font color="#bb00ff">192.168</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">1.130</font><font color="#ff0000"> netmask </font><font color="#bb00ff">0xffffff00</font><font color="#ff0000"> broadcast </font><font color="#bb00ff">192.168</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">1.255</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">        inet6 fe80</font><font color="#F3E651">::</font><font color="#ff0000">eaff</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">1eff</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">fed7</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">1cac</font><font color="#F3E651">%</font><font color="#ff0000">re0 prefixlen </font><font color="#bb00ff">64</font><font color="#ff0000"> scopeid </font><font color="#bb00ff">0x1</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">        inet6 fd22</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">c702</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">acb7</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">0</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">eaff</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">1eff</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">fed7</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">1cac prefixlen </font><font color="#bb00ff">64</font><font color="#ff0000"> detached autoconf</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">        inet6 2a01</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">5a8</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#bb00ff">304</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">1d5c</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">eaff</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">1eff</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">fed7</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000">1cac prefixlen </font><font color="#bb00ff">64</font><font color="#ff0000"> autoconf pltime </font><font color="#bb00ff">10800</font><font color="#ff0000"> vltime </font><font color="#bb00ff">14400</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">        media</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> Ethernet autoselect </font><font color="#F3E651">(</font><font color="#ff0000">1000baseT </font><font color="#F3E651">&lt;</font><font color="#ff0000">full-duplex</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;)</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">        status</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> active</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">        nd6 </font><font color="#ff0000">options</font><font color="#F3E651">=</font><font color="#bb00ff">23</font><font color="#F3E651">&lt;</font><font color="#ff0000">PERFORMNUD</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">ACCEPT_RTADV</font><font color="#F3E651">,</font><font color="#ff0000">AUTO_LINKLOCAL</font><font color="#F3E651">&gt;</font>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<h3 style='display: inline' id='ram'>RAM</h3><br />
+<br />
+<span>All there:</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">paul@f1</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">%</font><font color="#ff0000"> sysctl hw</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">physmem</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">hw</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">physmem</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">16902905856</font>
+
+</pre>
+<br />
+<h3 style='display: inline' id='cpus'>CPUs</h3><br />
+<br />
+<span>Work:</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">paul@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">%</font><font color="#ff0000"> sysctl dev</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">cpu </font><font color="#F3E651">|</font><font color="#ff0000"> grep freq</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">dev</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">cpu</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">3</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">freq</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">705</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">dev</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">cpu</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">2</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">freq</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">705</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">dev</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">cpu</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">1</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">freq</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">604</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">dev</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">cpu</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">0</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">freq</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">604</font>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<h3 style='display: inline' id='cpu-throttling'>CPU throttling</h3><br />
+<br />
+<span>With <span class='inlinecode'>powerd</span> running, CPU freq is dowthrottled when the box isn&#39;t jam-packed. To stress it a bit, I run <span class='inlinecode'>ubench</span> to see the frequencies being unthrottled again:</span><br />
+<br />
+<!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><font color="#ff0000">paul@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">%</font><font color="#ff0000"> doas pkg install ubench</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">paul@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">%</font><font color="#ff0000"> rehash </font><i><font color="#ababab"># For tcsh to find the newly installed command</font></i>
+<font color="#ff0000">paul@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">%</font><font color="#ff0000"> ubench </font><font color="#F3E651">&amp;</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">paul@f0</font><font color="#F3E651">:~</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#F3E651">%</font><font color="#ff0000"> sysctl dev</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">cpu </font><font color="#F3E651">|</font><font color="#ff0000"> grep freq</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">dev</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">cpu</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">3</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">freq</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">2922</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">dev</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">cpu</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">2</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">freq</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">2922</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">dev</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">cpu</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">1</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">freq</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">2923</font>
+<font color="#ff0000">dev</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">cpu</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#bb00ff">0</font><font color="#F3E651">.</font><font color="#ff0000">freq</font><font color="#F3E651">:</font><font color="#ff0000"> </font><font color="#bb00ff">2922</font>
+</pre>
+<br />
+<span>Idle, all three Beelinks plus the switch consumed 26.2W. But with <span class='inlinecode'>ubench</span> stressing all the CPUs, it went up to 38.8W.</span><br />
+<br />
+<a href='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2/watt.jpg'><img alt='Idle consumption.' title='Idle consumption.' src='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2/watt.jpg' /></a><br />
+<br />
+<h2 style='display: inline' id='conclusion'>Conclusion</h2><br />
+<br />
+<span>The Beelink S12 Pro with Intel N100 CPUs checks all the boxes for a k3s project: compact, efficient, expandable, and affordable. Its compatibility with both Linux and FreeBSD makes it versatile for other use cases, whether as part of your cluster or as a standalone system. If you’re looking for hardware that punches above its weight for Kubernetes, this little device deserves a spot on your shortlist.</span><br />
+<br />
+<a href='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2/3beelinks.jpg'><img alt='Beelinks stacked' title='Beelinks stacked' src='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2/3beelinks.jpg' /></a><br />
+<br />
+<span>To ease cable management, I need to get shorter Ethernet cables. I will place the tower on my shelf, where most of the cables will be hidden (together with a UPS, which will also be added to the setup).</span><br />
+<br />
+<span>What will be covered in the next post of this series? The bhyve/Rocky Linux and WireGuard setup as described in part 1 of this series.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span>Other *BSD-related posts:</span><br />
+<br />
+<a class='textlink' href='./2016-04-09-jails-and-zfs-on-freebsd-with-puppet.html'>2016-04-09 Jails and ZFS with Puppet on FreeBSD</a><br />
+<a class='textlink' href='./2022-07-30-lets-encrypt-with-openbsd-and-rex.html'>2022-07-30 Let&#39;s Encrypt with OpenBSD and Rex</a><br />
+<a class='textlink' href='./2022-10-30-installing-dtail-on-openbsd.html'>2022-10-30 Installing DTail on OpenBSD</a><br />
+<a class='textlink' href='./2024-01-13-one-reason-why-i-love-openbsd.html'>2024-01-13 One reason why I love OpenBSD</a><br />
+<a class='textlink' href='./2024-04-01-KISS-high-availability-with-OpenBSD.html'>2024-04-01 KISS high-availability with OpenBSD</a><br />
+<a class='textlink' href='./2024-11-17-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-1.html'>2024-11-17 f3s: Kubernetes with FreeBSD - Part 1: Setting the stage</a><br />
+<a class='textlink' href='./2024-12-03-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2.html'>2024-12-03 f3s: Kubernetes with FreeBSD - Part 2: Hardware and base installation (You are currently reading this)</a><br />
+<br />
+<span>E-Mail your comments to <span class='inlinecode'>paul@nospam.buetow.org</span> :-)</span><br />
+<br />
+<a class='textlink' href='../'>Back to the main site</a><br />
+            </div>
+        </content>
+    </entry>
+    <entry>
         <title>f3s: Kubernetes with FreeBSD - Part 1: Setting the stage</title>
         <link href="gemini://foo.zone/gemfeed/2024-11-17-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-1.gmi" />
         <id>gemini://foo.zone/gemfeed/2024-11-17-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-1.gmi</id>
@@ -26,7 +371,10 @@
 <br />
 <span>I will post a new entry every month or so (there are too many other side projects for more frequent updates—I bet you can understand).</span><br />
 <br />
+<span>These are all the posts so far:</span><br />
+<br />
 <a class='textlink' href='./2024-11-17-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-1.html'>2024-11-17 f3s: Kubernetes with FreeBSD - Part 1: Setting the stage (You are currently reading this)</a><br />
+<a class='textlink' href='./2024-12-03-f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-2.html'>2024-12-03 f3s: Kubernetes with FreeBSD - Part 2: Hardware and base installation</a><br />
 <br />
 <a href='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-1/f3slogo.png'><img alt='f3s logo' title='f3s logo' src='./f3s-kubernetes-with-freebsd-part-1/f3slogo.png' /></a><br />
 <br />
@@ -172,6 +520,10 @@
 <br />
 <span>What&#39;s your take on self-hosting? Are you planning to move away from managed cloud services? Stay tuned for the second part of this series,